Gay Genetics Essays

Gay Genetics Essays Gay Genetics Essay Gay Genetics Essay The topic of this paper is definitely a sensitive one. Whether the reason is religious, political, or personal, we all seem to have an opinion on homosexuality, but how many of us have actually taken the time to do our homework on this matter. Before we choose to support or oppose the growing LGBT movement shouldnt we arm ourselves with as much information as possible? Is homosexuality genetic, or does it start in the home? Although I did not find conclusive evidence to support genetics or nurture as the cause of homosexuality, I do feel there is enough logical theory to dismiss the Gay Gene as the cause of homosexual behavior. Research on this subject was hard to find, but I was able to gather some of the most popularly used material on homosexual genetics. I have analyzed all the information I have gather, looking at the material from all viewpoints available to me. I am confident that you will find my argument to be compelling, if nothing else. Homosexuality has been around for thousands of years, dating back to the ancient Egyptians. The debate on the subject has been going on for almost as long. Aristophanes, in his Symposium argues that sexual desire alone is not strong enough to create homosexuality, but that the cultural environment allows or forbids it. : You see, in his time homosexuality was common practice, with the focus being on sex. From this point of view it would be easy to make homosexuality a black and white, social issue. There was no title for homosexuals at the time and it stayed that way until about a hundred years ago. Giving homosexuality a title change the way we looked at it completely. Was it something someone could catch? Is it permanent or can it be cured? How do we stop our children from getting it? All of these questions created a wide spread panic and fear around homosexuality. Because of the negative thoughts and feeling surrounding homosexuality it was long abeled as a mental illness. In 1957, a woman named, Karen Hooker conducted a study to test the mental and developmental differences between heterosexual men and homosexual men. Hookers study consisted of two groups, one group for each sexual orientation. The men were match in age, Q, and education level. Each group was given three test; The Rorschach Test, The Thematic Apperception Test, and The Make-a-picture Story Test, or (MAPS) test. Hooker concluded little to no difference between the two groups of men. Hookers findings lead to The American Psychological Association removing homosexuality from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Disorders in 1973. Homosexuality no longer being view by the APA as a disorder caused people to pose the question, if its not a mental disorder than what is it? The studies that follow are incomplete, to say the least but they open the door for deep thought on the matter. One of these studies is, Bailey and Pillards 1991 Twin Study. The thought was that if homosexuality was inherited then more twin brothers would have the same sexual orientation than non-twin or non-biological brothers. In a way they were wright, with omosexual, as were 22% of fraternal twins, 11% of adoptive brothers, and 9. 2% of non-twin brothers. At first glance it seem as if Bailey and Pillard might have found a genetic link to homosexuality, but look deeper and you began to see that the facts actually point to nurture playing a big role in sexual orientation. If homosexuality is genetically caused than why are there more homosexual non- biological (adoptive) siblings than non-twin biological siblings in Bailey and Pillards study? Identical twins share the same genes and yet in nearly half of the identical twins studied one brother was homosexual and the other was not. With these facts in mind one could argue that the percentage of homosexual adopted siblings, raised in homosexual households (11%) being higher than the national LGBT population (1-10%) that this study is at least a strong implication of nurture being a factor in homosexuality. One of the most popular studies on the subject of homosexuality was conducted by Dr. Simon LeVay. Dr. LeVay studied the brains of cadavers hoping to find a noticeable difference between the brains of homosexual men and their heterosexual counterparts. LeVay found what he was looking for in the hypothalamus. He noticed hat the (INAH) of the hypothalamus was twice the size in the homosexual men than in the heterosexual men. He also found that the (INAH) of the heterosexual females he studied were also twice the size of the heterosexual males. Many have tried to use these findings as proof of homosexuality being genetically baste. So people go as far as calling Dr. LeVay the discoverer of the gay gene, even though he never found any genes linked to his findings. Due too numerous problems with the methods used in Dr. LeVays study it is hard to find his conclusion to be a cause for homosexuality. If the size of the (INAH) etermined sexual orientation then all the homosexual men would display larger (INAH) than their heterosexual counterparts, but this was not always the case. Dr. LeVay also did not have sexual back round on the presumably heterosexual men, nor the presumably heterosexual females. This means that for all Dr. LeVay knew some of his female subjects could have actually been homosexual, and the same go for the assumed heterosexual male subjects. If all that wasnt enough, all the presumably homosexual men died of AIDS, so it is hard to say if the difference between the sizes of the (INAH) was there from birth, or if it was caused by AIDS. There are less published studies on the organ of homosexuality than you would probably think. Due to lack of uniform definitions for behavior, identity, and desire of homosexuals it is difficult to make conclusions. With such groups as Baylor University, Max Planck Institute, Sanger Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, and others finding no conclusive cause for homosexuality it seem the answer might be harder to find than we thought. One thing we can do is take what we already know about genetics and apply it to homosexuality. Homosexuality is identified by the sexual actions someone carries out. If we are to believe there is a gay gene this would only why someone with this gene would choose to live a gay life style. One of the other major issues with the gay gene theory is how is this trait being passed on? Supporters of the gay gene theory claim that the gene is sex linked to the X- chromosome. If this was the case any man with this gene would be gay, and any homosexual females would have fathers who had this gene. The chances of enough gay men procreating with enough female gay gene carriers to produce the rising number of lesbians would qualify homosexuality as an epidemic. I do not think yself to be a geneticist, nor do I think that I am smarter than the many men and women who believe in the X linked gay gene but the evidence Just is not there. The Human Genome Project of 2003 successfully mapped 153 million base pairs for X- chromosomes with 1168 genes, and 50 million base pairs for Y-chromosomes with 251 genes. In all of their thirty years of research no gay gene was found. After looking over all the information I can only conclude that there is strong evidence against the existents of a gay gene. It seems that because of the publics unwillingness to upset the LGBT community studies are more focused on finding a enetic link to homosexuality than exploring alternative causes. It is safe to assume that homosexuality is not all choice, with young men like Jamey Rodemeyer of Buffalo N. Y. , deciding it would be better to die than live with the abuse that can come with being gay. It is all but impossible to see cases like Jameys and say that all homosexuals choose their orientation. Jamey is not the first or the only person who has been bullied or tormented for being a homosexual. If they could Just stop being gay why would they put up with being treated like minorities? The thing is they shouldnt have to. Being like everyone else or people understanding why you do what you do shouldnt be required for someone to be treated with respect and kindness. For the sake of homosexual tolerance, and for those in the LGBT community who wish to know more about their sexual orientation, I do think it would be wise to fully explore cause of homosexuality outside of genetics. We should be asking if its not genetic and its not all choice than what is it? Whether or not there is ever conclusive proof a cause of homosexuality we must decide to be above politics and choose to care for those that we might not understand.

Hugo Munsterberg essayEssay Writing Service

Hugo Munsterberg essayEssay Writing Service Hugo Munsterberg essay Hugo Munsterberg essayThe main aims of the assignment are to explore the contribution of Hugo Munsterberg into psychology and to define his interest in other disciplines.To begin, it is necessary to give a brief description of Munsterberg’s interest in psychology for the purpose to understand this personality and his works better. Hugo Munsterberg (1863 1916) was a German-American psychologist, a representative of applied psychology (psychotechnics). He studied business management issues, professional selection, vocational guidance, job training, adaptation of technology to psychological abilities of a man and other factors to increase workers’ productivity and income of entrepreneurs. In order to reproduce real life situations in the laboratory, he built special models (maps) of these situations, which were portrayed in the form of signs and symbolic field of perception and action. He also dealt with hypnosis and psychology of testimony. Thus, it can be said that Muns terberg is one of the founders of psychotechnics, while he introduced the term of â€Å"psychotechnics† into practice, and developed a strategy for the investigation of work processes in the laboratory.Being more specific, it can be stated that Hugo Munsterberg was a supporter of one of the variants of psychophysical parallelism. Hugo Munsterberg, being a researcher and working at Harvard University, examined memory, attention, and perception. Despite the fact that Munsterberg was a brilliant experimenter and researcher, he was irresistibly attracted to the empirical side of psychology, the application of psychological knowledge in practice. Moreover, Hergenhahn (2000) said that in the period from 1905 to 1916, he did more than anyone before or after him to define and expand the field of activity of practical psychology. He was a researcher who had a very keen insight into the base of human relationships. In addition, thinking about the contribution of Munsterberg into the fi eld of psychology, we need to note that he also dealt with forensic psychology and testimony, clinical psychology, psychology of education and evaluation of art, while he developed various methods and strategies of research and improvement of labor processes.Observing key theories, which Hugo Munsterberg introduced into practice and developed through his life, it becomes obvious that he made a lot for the birth of industrial psychology. Munsterberg, as Moore (1921) mentioned, being recognized as a leader in experimental psychology, explored human behavior in all spheres of human activity beginning with manufacturing, education, and ending with crime detection. He printed the results of the studies both in the most popular and accessible journals (for example, â€Å"For Housewives†), and in a purely scientific journals. But wherever the works of Munsterberg were published, they enjoyed the same success.Forensic psychology was the first application area where Munsterberg decide d to work. He has written many articles on topics such as crime prevention, the use of hypnosis in the practice of questioning suspects, psychological testing to determine guilt, etc. His attempts to solve the latter problem are seen not undisputed, and his contemporaries evaluated them negatively in the end. But in spite of some mistakes, Hugo Munsterberg did much for the purpose to help legal psychology to take its rightful place not only among psychological sciences, but also in the legal field.To illustrate Munsterberg’s attempts to find the truth, according to Heinze (2004), it can be mentioned that the scientist was extremely interested in the problem of reliability of testimony. He set the task to experimentally verify the probability of erroneous playback of the parts of the crime by witness. In Munsterberg’s experiments, subjects who acted as â€Å"witnesses† were interviewed immediately after they watched a simulation of some incident. The fact that ev en the testimony of â€Å"hot pursuit† was significantly differ in many details made the issue rather debatable in specific circles.These observations were summarized in the book about the psychology of Testimony (â€Å"On the Witness Stand†), published in 1908. (In total, Munsterberg wrote more than a dozen books; and all his books were in a huge reader’s demand due to the attractiveness of the themes and style of explanation). In this work, he pointed rational way and those scientific means, which should be used to assess the evidence, while he also considered the fundamental issues of application of the methods of experimental psychology for justice.There is no a secret that subsequently, this problem was studied in various aspects by many psychologists, as, in particular, widely presented in the extensive chapters in modern textbooks on social psychology. Unfortunately, the name of Munsterberg is rarely mentioned in them. Moreover, when in 1976 his book was republished, it became a real eye-opener for many psychologists. It turned out that many of the issues of forensic psychology, studied throughout the twentieth century, were delivered and even partly solved by Munsterberg many years ago.Another area of ​​Munsterberg’s interest was pedagogy, more precisely, the use of psychological patterns in school practice. His book on the subject was titled â€Å"Psychology and the Teacher†. Amazingly, even today Munsterberg’s reasoning about the psychology of educational process sound actually. But, on the other hand, it is evidenced that all the new generations of teachers have to face all the same psychological problems that cannot be resolved once for all. So, psychological knowledge is always necessary in this area.According to Bjork (1983), it is impossible to leave without mentioning the fact that psychotherapy was also one of the areas of Munsterberg’s interest. The scientist believed that mental illnesses arise due to the inability of a man to adapt the own behavior to the environment. The therapeutic method of Munsterberg in this case was to eliminate the patient’s anxious thoughts, to rid a person of unwanted or harmful habits, to make a person forget about the negative emotions.Hugo Munsterberg essay part  2

(need to be determined) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(need to be determined) - Essay Example The running across the court as well as the jumping, shooting the ball and other activities involved in playing basketball are actually cardiovascular exercise. The most offensive play is basketball is triangle offense. It is an offense that would come from three directions which are from the front zone of the defenders and the two sides. This is the most effective play in basketball because the offense comes from many directions and not only from one side making the offense unpredictable and hard to defend (The Coach Clipboard a, nd). The other situation would be in the tie breaker play especially in the few seconds when the score is tied. The strongest offense player will be field in where the other team would not know who to defend and in the process break their defense. The other team’s defense will be spread thinly creating an opportunity to attack the weakness in their defense. The zone defense is more effective than man-to-man defense because it involves team effort that could cover more grounds in the court. It also enable other bigger player to help in defending stronger players (The Coach Clipboard b, nd). The specific situation where zone defense is effective is when the other team uses triangle offense where their offense could come in three direction. The other situation would be after a time out called by the other team to make a play. Zone defense has a greater probability of defending against a play because it covers more

Beethoven; Art and Protest in the 1800s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Beethoven; Art and Protest in the 1800s - Essay Example Part four Allegro molto e vivace has strong Haydnian expression but with distinguishable thematic elements borrowed from the previous part. This reveals a complex form of sonata and becoming an ending for a symphonic cycle (Oscar, 1926). An example of a work of visual art from the 1800s is realism. It was reviewed by Donna Campbell who is an associate professor of English, Washington State University (Oscar, 1926). Realism in art and literature refers to the attempt to represent familiar and everyday people and situations in an accurate. More specifically, the term "realism" refers to the literal and artistic movement of the late 1800s and early 1900s (Oscar, 1926). This movement was a reaction against romanticism. Romanticism was an earlier movement that presented the world in much more idealized terms (Oscar, 1926). It responds to industrial revolution in such a way that modern artists have taken realism to new heights when they create paintings so realistic that they appear to be real photographs this helps their industry grow because who wouldn’t to purchase a painting that that appears real. Also they have made sculptures of human beings so life like that they are mistaken to be real people (Oscar,

Phineas Taylor Barnum's American Museum 1842 to 1868 Research Paper

Phineas Taylor Barnum's American Museum 1842 to 1868 - Research Paper Example While in New York, Barnum purchased a museum and renamed it after himself. With the museum, Barnum found a platform which he used to promote hoaxes and human curiosities. Barnum began his entertainment career in New York. Barnum gets credited for revolutionizing and legitimizing spectacle. Barnum purchased and exhibited the Joice Heth. Joice Heth was an almost paralyzed and blind slave woman (Barnum and Cook 108). Barnum claimed the woman to have been over 160 years old and a supposed nurse to George Washington. Thousands got drawn to view Heith by paying an admission price. He toured the south with a small circus between 1836 and 1837. This circus tour appeared to be preparation for him to purchase his own museum with which he made a fortune. In 1841, he bought the Scudder American museum which he renamed to Barnum American museum. Barnum upgraded the museum building and added more exhibits making the museum a popular showplace in the process. Barnum added flags to the roof edge of the museum, and this helped attract attention during the day. A strolling garden got made out of the roof during the upgrade. The place then got lit up with limelight, which had just become invented then. His main idea revolved around making the museum an advertisement in itself. In the museum, Barnum filled it with a surfeit of exhibits and activities. Exhibits and activities within the museum revolved around panoramas, dioramas, scientific instruments and modern appliances. Through the museum, Barnum got to introduce his first major hoax which became known as the Feejee mermaid (Barnum 56). The Feeje mermaid was a creature that had the tail of a fish and a monkey’s head. Barnum justified hoaxes such as this claiming they were advertisements used to draw attention to the museum. The museum also exhibited a dwarf named general Tom Thumb. The dwarf got claimed to be the smallest person walking the earth, and he got used to amuse the public. The museum also exhibited a number o f exotic animals that included beluga whales, a hat claimed to be worn by Ulysses Grant, a tree trunk where Jesus and his disciples sat, giants, fat boys, a dog that could knit, flea circus and performances by magicians and fortune tellers, Uncle Tom’s cabin and minstrel adaptations of biblical tales. The museum gets reported to have received over 38milion visitors between 1841 and 1865. Visitors got charged a twenty five cent admission charge. The visitors got to view a revolving set of attractions at the museum (Cottrell 19). Barnum’s credit to show business gets associated with professionalism, public relations through advertisements and quality. Characters that provided dubious shows got thrown out of Barnum American museum. Barnum defended his hoax shows by claiming that the public had to first get attracted to the museum, and then later get provided with sensational entertainment while in the museum building. Barnum used newspaper advertisements and handbills to promote the museum (Barnum and Cook 88). The museum not only provided shows but also educational teachings. The museum’s theater which got known as the ‘lecture room’ got used by Barnum in providing temperance reforms and Shakespearean dramas. Barnum gets recognized by early historians as instrumental in the development of urban culture in the nineteenth century. The museum became the first of its kind in offering entertainment and amusement together with moral uplift and

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 86

Summary - Essay Example Participants were sampled from three regions: Bakony, Tolna and Baranya, and the capital region and 150 participants were selected from each group and questionnaires administered. The sample was representative. The study identified ethnic identity matrix for noting varieties of german orientations, established differences between members of the ethnic group and recommends sensitivity to communication in marketing to different ethnic groups and sub groups. Care is however necessary, especially when marketing to the German minority, because of their sensitivity that establishes contingencies such as â€Å"inadvertent stereotypes, biology and genetics, and ethnocentric bias† (Sas and Kozma, 2009, p. 96). Implementing mainstream marketing with the target population identified one theical issue that is unavailability Germans’ preferred foods. The study concludes that ethical marketing is a viable strategy in Hungary (Sas and Kozma,

Why i want to be in paralegal program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why i want to be in paralegal program - Essay Example It may seem strange, but to us, family that seemed at a loss to explain their sorrow and misery or make sense of what had happened, the calm and collected way the lawyers and their team discussed the case with us offered us much assistance in the bereavement process. That is one of the major reasons why I want to become a paralegal, and have applied to the Fairleigh Dickinson University Paralegal Program. Through my work, I want to make a difference in the society. I will be assisting lawyers in their quest for justice. While I know that my beliefs regarding the profession and what it entails are a bit utopian, however, I feel that getting in this program would help me in my goal of helping those in time of need. I am very adept at research and have excellent writing skills, aptitudes much sought for in paralegals. What is more, I am a very hardworking individual. Getting into this program would mark my first step in my future goal of assisting lawyers involved in the criminal justice system.